Ukuzinza kwe-nucleus kungafinyelelwa ngokukhishwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlayiya noma amagagasi, okuholela ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zokubola kwe-radioactive kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemisebe ye-ionizing. Izinhlayiya ze-Alpha, izinhlayiya ze-beta, imisebe ye-gamma, ne-neutron ziphakathi kwezinhlobo ezivame ukubonwa.Ukubola kwe-alpha kuhilela ukukhululwa kwezinhlayiya ezisindayo, ezishajwe kahle ngama-nuclei abolayo ukuze kutholwe ukuzinza okukhulu. Lezi zinhlayiya azikwazi ukungena esikhumbeni futhi zivame ukuvinjelwa ngokuphumelelayo ngephepha elilodwa lephepha.
Kuye ngohlobo lwezinhlayiya noma amaza akhishwa i-nucleus ukuze izinze, kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokubola kwe-radioactive okuholela emisebeni ye-ionizing. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu yizinhlayiya ze-alpha, izinhlayiya ze-beta, imisebe ye-gamma nama-neutron.
I-alpha radiation
Phakathi nemisebe ye-alpha, i-nuclei ebolayo ikhipha izinhlayiya ezinzima, ezishajwe kahle ukuze kuzuzwe ukuzinza okukhulu. Lezi zinhlayiya ngokuvamile azikwazi ukudlula esikhumbeni ukuze zenze umonakalo futhi ngokuvamile zingavinjelwa ngokuphumelelayo ngokusetshenziswa kwephepha elilodwa nje.
Noma kunjalo, uma izinto ezikhipha i-alpha-emitting zingena emzimbeni ngokuhogela, ukumudla, noma ukuphuza, zingathinta ngokuqondile izicubu zangaphakathi, okungaba yingozi empilweni.Isibonelo se-elementi ebola ngezinhlayiya ze-alpha i-Americium-241, esetshenziswa ezintweni ezibona intuthu emhlabeni wonke. .
Imisebe ye-Beta
Phakathi nemisebe ye-beta, ama-nuclei akhipha izinhlayiya ezincane (ama-electron), angena kakhulu kunezinhlayiya ze-alpha futhi ezinekhono lokunqamula uhla lwamasentimitha angu-1-2 wamanzi, kuncike ezingeni lawo lamandla. Ngokuvamile, ishidi elincanyana le-aluminium elikala amamilimitha ambalwa ngogqinsi lingavimba ngokuphumelelayo imisebe ye-beta.
Imisebe yeGamma
Imisebe ye-Gamma, enezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa okuhlanganisa ukwelapha umdlavuza, iyingxenye yesigaba semisebe kagesi, efana ne-X ray. Nakuba imisebe ethile ye-gamma ingadabula umzimba womuntu ngaphandle kwemiphumela, eminye ingamuncwa futhi ibangele ukulimala. Ukhonkolo owugqinsi noma izindonga zomthofu ziyakwazi ukunciphisa ubungozi obuhambisana nemisebe ye-gamma ngokunciphisa ukuqina kwayo, yingakho amakamelo okwelapha ezibhedlela eziklanyelwe iziguli ezinomdlavuza akhiwe ngalezo zindonga eziqinile.
Ama-Neutron
Ama-neutron, njengezinhlayiya ezisindayo kanye nezingxenye eziyinhloko ze-nucleus, angakhiqizwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, njengama-reactors enuzi noma ukusabela kwe-nuclear okubangelwa izinhlayiya zamandla aphezulu emisebe ye-accelerator. Lawa ma-neutron asebenza njengomthombo ophawulekayo wemisebe ye-ionizing engaqondile.
Izindlela Zokulwa Nokuchayeka Kwemisebe
Ezintathu zezimiso eziyisisekelo nezilula ukuzilandela zokuvikela imisebe yilezi: Isikhathi, Ibanga, Ukuvikela.
Isikhathi
Umthamo wemisebe oqoqwe yisisebenzi semisebe uyakhuphuka ngokuhlobene ngokuqondile nesikhathi sokuba seduze komthombo wemisebe. Isikhathi esincane esichithwe eduze komthombo siphumela kumthamo ophansi wemisebe. Ngokuphambene, ukwanda kwesikhathi esichithwa emkhakheni wemisebe kuholela ekutholeni umthamo omkhulu wemisebe. Ngakho-ke, ukunciphisa isikhathi esichithwa kunoma iyiphi inkundla yemisebe kunciphisa ukuchayeka emisebeni.
Ibanga
Ukuthuthukisa ukuhlukana phakathi komuntu nomthombo wemisebe kufakazela ukuthi kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokunciphisa ukuchayeka emisebeni. Njengoba ibanga elisuka emthonjeni wemisebe likhula, izinga lomthamo wemisebe liyancipha kakhulu. Ukukhawulela ukuba seduze komthombo wemisebe kusebenza ikakhulukazi ekunciphiseni ukuchayeka emisebeni phakathi nezinqubo ze-radiography ephathwayo kanye nezinqubo ze-fluoroscopy. Ukuncipha kokuchayeka kungalinganiswa kusetshenziswa umthetho oyisikwele ophambene, oveza ukuxhumana phakathi kwebanga namandla emisebe. Lo mthetho ugomela ukuthi ukushuba kwemisebe ebangeni elithile ukusuka kumthombo wephoyinti kuhlobene ngokuphambene nesikwele sebanga.
Ukuvikela
Uma ukugcinwa kwebanga eliphakeme nesikhathi esincane kungaqinisekisi umthamo wemisebe ophansi ngokwanele, kuba kudingekile ukuthi kusetshenziswe ukuvikela okusebenzayo ukuze kunciphe ngokwanele i-radiation. Izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukunciphisa imisebe zaziwa njengesihlangu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusiza ukunciphisa ukuchayeka kuzo zombili iziguli kanye nomphakathi jikelele.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-08-2024
