Izinyathelo Zokuqapha Nokubola Okunemisebe

Ukuqina kwe-nucleus kungatholakala ngokukhishwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlayiya noma amagagasi, okuholela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokubola kwemisebe kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemisebe ye-ionizing. Izinhlayiya ze-Alpha, izinhlayiya ze-beta, imisebe ye-gamma, kanye ne-neutron ziphakathi kwezinhlobo ezivame ukubonwa. Ukubola kwe-Alpha kuhilela ukukhishwa kwezinhlayiya ezisindayo, ezineshaja enhle yi-nuclei ebolayo ukuze kutholakale ukuzinza okukhulu. Lezi zinhlayiya azikwazi ukungena esikhumbeni futhi zivame ukuvinjelwa ngempumelelo yiphepha elilodwa.

Kuye ngohlobo lwezinhlayiya noma amagagasi akhishwa yi-nucleus ukuze azinze, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokubola kwemisebe okuholela emisebeni ye-ionizing. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu yizinhlayiya ze-alpha, izinhlayiya ze-beta, imisebe ye-gamma kanye ne-neutron.

Imisebe ye-Alpha

Ngesikhathi semisebe ye-alpha, ama-nuclei aqala ukubola akhipha izinhlayiya ezisindayo, ezishajelwe kahle ukuze kutholakale ukuzinza okukhulu. Lezi zinhlayiya ngokuvamile azikwazi ukudlula esikhumbeni ukuze zibangele umonakalo futhi ngokuvamile zingavinjelwa ngempumelelo ngokusebenzisa iphepha elilodwa nje.

Noma kunjalo, uma izinto ezikhipha i-alpha zingena emzimbeni ngokuphefumula, ngokugwinya, noma ngokuphuza, zingathinta ngqo izicubu zangaphakathi, okungase kubangele umonakalo empilweni. Isibonelo sento ebola ngezinhlayiya ze-alpha yi-Americium-241, esetshenziswa ezitholweni zomusi emhlabeni jikelele.

Imisebe ye-Beta

Ngesikhathi semisebe ye-beta, ama-nuclei akhipha izinhlayiya ezincane (ama-electron), ezingene kakhulu kunezinhlayiya ze-alpha futhi zinekhono lokuhamba ibanga elingamasentimitha angu-1-2 amanzi, kuye ngezinga lamandla azo. Ngokuvamile, ishidi elincane le-aluminium elilinganisa amamilimitha ambalwa ubukhulu lingavimba ngempumelelo imisebe ye-beta.

Imisebe ye-gamma

Imisebe ye-gamma, enezindlela eziningi zokusebenzisa okuhlanganisa nokwelashwa ngomdlavuza, ingeyohlobo lwemisebe ye-electromagnetic, efana ne-X-ray. Nakuba imisebe ethile ye-gamma ingadlula emzimbeni womuntu ngaphandle kwemiphumela, eminye ingamuncwa futhi ingabangela umonakalo. Izindonga eziqinile zekhonkrithi noma i-lead ziyakwazi ukunciphisa ingozi ehambisana nemisebe ye-gamma ngokunciphisa amandla ayo, yingakho amakamelo okwelapha ezibhedlela ezenzelwe iziguli zomdlavuza akhiwe ngezindonga eziqinile kangaka.

Ama-neutron

Ama-neutron, njengezinhlayiya ezisindayo kanye nezingxenye ezibalulekile ze-nucleus, angadalwa ngezindlela ezahlukene, njenge-nuclear reactors noma ukusabela kwenuzi okubangelwa yizinhlayiya ezinamandla aphezulu emisebeni ye-accelerator. Lawa ma-neutron asebenza njengomthombo ophawulekayo wemisebe engaqondile ye-ionizing.

Izindlela Zokumelana Nokuchayeka Emisebeni

Izimiso ezintathu eziyisisekelo nezilula ukuzilandela zokuvikela imisebe yilezi: Isikhathi, Ibanga, Ukuvikela.

Isikhathi

Umthamo wemisebe oqoqwe yisisebenzi semisebe uyanda ngokuqondene nesikhathi sokusondela emthonjeni wemisebe. Isikhathi esincane esichithwa eduze komthombo siholela kumthamo wemisebe ophansi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwanda kwesikhathi esichithwa ensimini yemisebe kuholela kumthamo omkhulu wemisebe otholiwe. Ngakho-ke, ukunciphisa isikhathi esichithwa kunoma iyiphi insimu yemisebe kunciphisa ukuvezwa kwemisebe.

Ibanga

Ukuthuthukisa ukuhlukana phakathi komuntu nomthombo wemisebe kubonakala kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokunciphisa ukuvezwa kwemisebe. Njengoba ibanga elivela emthonjeni wemisebe likhula, izinga lomthamo wemisebe liyancipha kakhulu. Ukunciphisa ukusondela emthonjeni wemisebe kusebenza kahle kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukuvezwa kwemisebe ngesikhathi senqubo ye-radiography yeselula kanye ne-fluoroscopy. Ukwehla kokuvezwa kungalinganiswa kusetshenziswa umthetho wesikwele ophambene, ochaza ukuxhumana phakathi kwebanga namandla emisebe. Lo mthetho uthi amandla emisebe ebangeni elithile ukusuka emthonjeni wephuzu ahlobene ngokuphambene nesikwele sebanga.

Ukuvikela

Uma ukugcina ibanga eliphezulu nesikhathi esincane kungaqinisekisi umthamo ophansi wemisebe, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa isivikelo esisebenzayo ukuze kuncishiswe ngokwanele umsebe wemisebe. Izinto ezisetshenziswa ukunciphisa imisebe zaziwa ngokuthi isivikelo, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwaso kusiza ekunciphiseni ukuvezwa kokubili ezigulini kanye nasemphakathini jikelele.

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